2013年成人英语三级语法知识:不定式的语法作用
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不定式的语法作用
1) 不定式作主语：
To see once is better than to hear a hundred times. 百闻不如一见。
To master a foreign language is not an easy thing. 掌握一门外语不是一件容易的事。
在很多情况下，人们通常用it作为形式上的主语，而把不定式短语移到谓语之后，使句子显得平稳一些。如：
It’s good manners to wait in line. 排队等候是很有礼貌的。
It made us very angry to hear him speak to his mother like that.
听到他那样跟他妈妈说话我们很生气。
2) 不定式作表语：
The most important thing is to put theory into practice.
最重要的事情是把理论付诸实践。
The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all.
最大的幸福就是为大家的幸福而工作。
I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students. 我觉得被邀请在会上面对这么多学生发言是一件很光荣的事情。
4) 不定式作补语：.
①不定式可以和名词或代词一起构成复合结构作动词的宾语，这时不定式被称为宾语补足语。如：
I would like you to help me with my English exercises. 我想请你帮我做英语练习。
I never expected the shoes to be worn out so soon. 我从来没想到鞋这么快就穿破了。注意：动词help后面接不定式作宾语或宾语补足语可以带to也可以不带to。如： Who can help me (to) carry this heavy box? 谁能帮我拎这个重箱子?
②在make, let, have等使役动词和see, watch, notice, hear, feel等感官动词后的复合宾语中，动词不定式不带to。
I often hear her sing in the next room. 我经常听到她在隔壁唱歌。
They make the baby go to bed at 7:00 p.m. every day.
他们每天让孩子晚上7：00上床睡觉。
注意：当使役动词和感官动词变为被动语态时，不定式就成了主语补语，作主语补语的不定式必须加to。如：
Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister. 尽管他经常弄哭他的小妹妹，但今天他却被他的小妹妹弄哭了。
He is often heard to sing the song. 经常有人听到他唱这首歌。
③以be said, be reported, be known, seem, happen, prove, appear等构成谓语的句子中，动词不定式通常也可看作主语补语。如：
More than 20 people were reported to have been killed in the accident.
据报道，有20多个人死于事故。
I happened to be talking with him when he was hit by a car.
他被汽车撞的时候，我碰巧在和他谈话。
5)不定式作状语： .
不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。
① 不定式作目的状语，有时也可以用in order (not) to, so as (not) to结构。如：
In order to protect the young plants from the sun, Mother put them in the shade.
为了保护幼苗不被太阳晒坏，妈妈把它们放到了阴凉处。
He got up very early this morning so as not to be late for school again.
今天早上他起身很早以免上学再迟到。
② 不定式作结果状语，常见的结构有too…to, enough…to, so…as to, such…as to, only to…等。The question is too difficult for me to answer. 对我来说，这个问题很难回答。
He said he was clever enough to deal with it by himself.
他说他足够聪明可以独自应付这件事。
Will you be so kind as to turn down the radio? 请你帮我把收音机调低一点好吗?
He woke up only to find himself in hospital. 他醒来发现自己在医院里。
③不定式作原因状语，通常用来修饰表示情感、心理状态、性格等的形容词。
They are surprised to learn of his death. 得知他死亡的消息，他们很惊讶。 We are proud to be young people of new China. 成为新中国的青年，我们感到很骄傲。 hard, difficult, easy, fit，comfortable等词也可以接动词不定式。如：
The water is not fit to drink. 这水不适合饮用。
The room is very comfortable to live in. 这个房间住起来很舒服。
1. 不定式的复合结构.
It’s expensive for people to use electricity for cooking. 人们用电做饭是很昂贵的。 It’s careless of you to make such a mistake. 你犯这样的错误真是粗心。
They thought it impossible for us to find the lost child in the darkness.
他们认为我们要在黑暗中找到迷路的小孩是不可能的。
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