2013年成人英语三级辅导：被动句中的动词形态
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信箱里有一张装修商的传单，上面有这句话：
Exchange this leaflet for a free gift and also be entitle to a lucky draw with no purchase required.
这句话清楚吗?很清楚!问题是第二个并列分句的被动语态的动词形态“entitle”不对。为什么不对呢?这就要从主动语态(the active voice)和被动语态(the passive voice)的差别谈起。
在主动语态里，主语是动作的主角，如：
① I have just bought a new dictionary.
② They will invite you to dinner.
在被动语态里，宾语成为主角，原来的主语则靠边站，移至句后，如：
③ A new dictionary has just been bought by me.
④ You will be invited to dinner by them.
在被动语态的结构里，最重要的成分是接系动词“be”+主动词的过去分词(be+past participle of the principal verb)。③里的“has been bought”和④里的“will be invited”便是这个成分。根据这原则，“be entitle”就要改为“be entitled”才行。
现在多看看几个例子：
⑤ One must do the work properly.→The work must be properly done.
⑥ Someone took down the pictures.→The pictures were taken down.
⑦ Anne gave John a photo.→John was given a photo by Anne.
在⑤和⑥里，原来的主语不重要，所以在被动句中被省略了。在 ⑦里，我们看到两个宾语，一个是直接宾语(direct object)“a photo”，另一个是间接宾语(indirect object)“John”。直接宾语一定是“事物”;间接宾语就是“人物”。
这样的主动语态，有两种变法。除了“John was given a photo by Anne”之外，另一个方法是“A photo was given to John by Anne.”
在日常英语用途上，直接语态比间接语态用得多。但在下列情况中，则应采用被动语态：
㈠主语不详，如：
① A puppy was knocked down.
② Actions must be taken to improve the economic situation.
㈡突出宾语，如：
③ The gangster was sent to prison.
④ Two eye witnesses have been questioned.
⑤ All good students will be rewarded.
㈢不方便提到主语，如：
⑥ Some students are said to be often late for class.
⑦ The name of the suspect has been submitted to the police.
㈣动词习惯以被动式出现，如：
⑧ You are expected to work hard from now on.
⑨ The last train is scheduled to leave at 10p.m.
⑩ All loyal citizens are supposed to defend their country.
①―⑩这些被动句中的原有主语通常被省略，不出现。
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