2013年成人英语三级辅导：具副词功能的过去分词短语
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和现在分词及短语一样，过去分词(past participles)或过去分词短语(past participial phrases)也可以充当副词，修饰谓语动词。
过去分词短语可以表达下列四种意思：
㈠方法或活动方式，如：
● He walked up and down, lost in thought.
● I sat before the desk until after mid-night, absorbed in writing.
● Surrounded by a host of fans, the film star left the airport excitedly.
㈡原因，如：
● Greatly disappointed, some staff decided to leave the place.
● Taken by surprise, the enemy surrendered.
㈢时间，如：
● Born and bred in a turbulent age, the older generation of people experienced all sorts of hardships.
● Thrown to the floor, the boy regained his footing a few minutes later.
㈣条件，如：
● Given more time, the slow learners would have done better.
● Criticised by someone else, Tony would not have flared up like that.
除了直接修饰动词之外，过去分词或短语也可以和连词合组成短语，表示下列四种意思：
⒈由 when, whenever, while, until 等连词引导，表示“ 时间”，如：
● When asked about his previous job, Bill said he had been a motor mechanic.
● Susan seldom speaks in class until spoken to.
⒉由 where, wherever 连词引导，表示“地点”，如：
● Mosquitoes should be completely exterminated where found.
● Retirees in good health should be invited to return to work wherever needed.
⒊由 if, unless 引导，表示“条件”，如：
● If kept for too long, some medicines will lose their effectiveness.
● We have made a point of not attacking unless attacked.
⒋由 though, although, even though 连词引导，表示“让步 ”，如：
● Though warned of the danger, they still went mountaineering.
● Even though defeated for a second time, our team did not give up hope for the ultimate victory.
此外，过去分词短语还可以和介词“with”或“without”连用，具副词作用。如：
● With the water pipe choked, there wasn't any more water for use.
● Without anything left in the kitchen, the Wangs decided to eat out.
最后，过去分词短语，在适当情况下，可以有自己的主语而变成独立结构(the absolute construction)，如：
● The old man listened, his head inclined to one side.
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