2021年成人英语三级考试语法考点：限制性和非限制性定语从句
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1、限制性定语从句
The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. 老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。.
China is a country which has a long history. 中国是一个历史悠久的国家。
2、非限制性定语从句举例
Last summer I visited the People's Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every year. 去年夏天，我参观了人民大会堂，在那儿每年都要举行许多重要会议。
注意区分下列几组句子的不同含义：
Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to college. 她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学。(意含： 她还有其他哥哥。)
Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages her to go to college. 她哥哥是当兵的，他总是鼓励她上大学。(意含： 她只有一个哥哥。)
难点释疑：
(一)限制性定语从句中只能用that 引导定语从句的情况。
1.当先行词是everything, anything, nothing (something 除外), all, none, few, little, some等代词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。如：Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said? 李老师讲的你都记下来了吗?
There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。
All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的都做好了。
There is little that I can do for you. 我不能为你干什么。
He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed. 他呆在图书馆查找所需的资料。.
注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who，如：
Any man that / who has a sense of duty won't do such a thing. 任何有责任感的人都不会做这样的事。
All the guests that / who were invited to her wedding were important people. 所有应邀来参加她婚礼的客人都是重要人物。
2.当先行词被序数词修饰时。
如：The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。
3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。
如：This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
4.当先行词被the very, the only修饰时。
如：This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 这正是我要买的词典。
After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns. 家里发生了火灾过后，那辆旧车成了他的唯一拥有。.
注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。如：
Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting. 王华是我校唯一出席会议的人。
5.当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。
如：Who is the man that is standing by the gate? 站在门口的那个人是谁?
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 哪件T恤衫最合我的身?
6.当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。
如：They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school. 他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。
Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street. 瞧瞧那个沿街走来的人和他的 毛驴。
(二)关系代词as和which 引导的定语从句
as 和which 引导非限制性定语从句时，其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。
1. as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如：
He married her, as / which was natural. 他跟她结婚了，这是很自然的事。
He is honest, as / which we can see. 他很诚实，这一点我们看得出来。
2. as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。which 引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as 常常有“正如、正像”的含义。如：
As is known to all, China is a developing country. 众所周知，中国是发展中国家。
He is from the south, as we can know from his accent. 他是南方人，这一点我们从他的口音可以知道。
John, as you know, is a famous writer. 正如你所知，约翰是个著名作家。
Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which I don't believe. 张华已去过巴黎十多次了，这一点我不相信。
注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。如：
Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry. 汤姆老是迟到，这使得老师很恼火。.
These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy. 这些桌子是金属的，这使得这些桌子很重。
3.当先行词受such, the same 修饰时，关系词常用as。如：
I've never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过象他讲的这样的故事。
He is not such a fool as he looks. 他可不象他看上去的那样傻。
This is the same dictionary as I lost last week. 这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一样。
(三)以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in which或that引导，而且通常可以省略。
The way (that / in which) he answered the questions was surprising. 他回答这些问题的方式令人惊奇。
I don't like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her. 我不喜欢你冲她的样子。
(四)关系代词与关系副词的选择
用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用(即所担当的成分)。试比较：
A. I know a place where we can have a picnic. 我知道一个我们可以野炊的地方。
I know a place which / that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. 我知道一个以自然景色优美而闻名的地方。
B. I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together. 我永远忘不了我们一起度假的日子。
I will never forget the days that / which we spent together. 我永远忘不了我们一起度过的日子。
C. This is the reason why he was dismissed. 这就是他被解雇的原因。
This is the reason that / which he explained to me for his not attending the meeting. 这就是他向我解释的他没有参加会议的原因。.
(五)定语从句与同位语从句的区别
1.定语从句修饰限定先行词，它与先行词是修饰关系;同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，它与先行词是同位关系。
2.定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，关系词在从句中担当相应句子成分，关系代词在从
句中作宾语时经常可省略。同位语从句主要由连词that 引导，在从句中一般不担当成分;有时由where, when, how, who, whether, what 等连词引导，这些连词则在从句中担当成分。
The news that he told me is true.(定语从句)他告诉我的消息是真的。
The news that he has just died is true.(同位语从句)他刚刚去世了，这个消息是真的。
3.同位语从句与先行词一般可以用动词be发展成一个完整的句子，定语从句则不能。
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