学士学位英语考试词汇与语法语法辅导八
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学士学位英语考试词汇与语法语法辅导八
(三)虚拟语气
虚拟语气是英语三级考试的必考知识点之一,也是体现英汉语言习惯区别的一个语法现象。在汉语里
表示假设虚拟的情况常用一些虚词来表示,例如“假设”、“如果”等,而英文中表示虚拟的情况不但有虚词的提示,谓语动词也要相应的变化。
虚拟语气的基本作用是:
(1)表达假设的情况与事实相反;(2)表达异想天开很难实现的愿望;(3)表达建议命令劝告等语
气。本部分重点讲if引导的虚拟条件句,含蓄条件句、特殊结构中虚拟语气,及should+动词原形的用法。
1、虚拟语气的基本形式和用法
虚拟(条件)语气中,主句与从句中谓语动词的形式可分为下面三类:
假设类型条件从句谓语动词形式主句谓语动词形式
与现在事实相反If+动词的过去式 (be用were而不用was)would(第一人称可用should)+动词原形
与过去事实相反If+had+过去分词would(第一人称可用should)+have+过去分词
与将来事实相反If+were to+动词原形或 If+should+动词原形would(第一人称可用should)+动词原形
下面我们列举今年的真题来强化记忆。
例1 Mary said to me,“Had I seen your bag,I ____ _ it to you.”
A.will return B.must return C.could return D.would have returned
【答案】D(2004年4月45题)
例2 I would ask George to lend us the money if I ____ _ him.
A.would come B.would have come C.had come D.came
【答案】C(1995年38题)
例3 If Bob ____ _ with us,he would have had a good time.
A.would come B.would have come C.had come D.came
【答案】C(1995年59题)
1、省略if的虚拟形式
在虚拟条件句中,如谓语包含were,had,should等词,则可以把这些词放到主语前面,省略if。
例1 ____ the advice of his friends,he would not have suffered such a heavy loss in his business.
A.If he took B.If he should take C.Were he to take D.Had he taken
【答案】D(2004年4月32题)
例2 ___ ,I should ask them some questions.
A.Should they come to us B.If they come to us C.Were they come to us D.Had they come to us
【答案】A(1997年30题)
例3 ____ ,you were busy,I would′t have bothered you with my questions.
A.If I realized B.Had I realized C.Did I have realized that D.As I realized
【答案】B(1996年39题)
3、含蓄条件句
有时一个假设的情况不用条件从句表示,而用其他方式来表示,这样的句子叫含蓄条件句。常用with,without,but for引导。
例1 Without heat and sunlight,plants on the earth _____ well.
A.would not grow B.will not grow C.had not grown D.would not be grown
【答案】A(2004年11月32题)
例2 But for my classmates′help,I ____ the work in time.
A.did not finish B.could not finish C.will not finish D.would not have finished
【答案】A(2004年11月32题)
例3 But for the rain,we _____ a nice holiday.
A.should have B.would have had C.would have D.will have had
【答案】B(2003年4月28题)
4、特殊词或结构中的虚拟语气
(1)以wish(that)引导的表示“愿望”的宾语从句。
wish后的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气,而在虚拟语气中时态的应用类似在非真实条件中从句时态的应用。表示现在或将来的愿望用:主语+wish+从句(主语+过去时);表示一个过去没有实现的愿望用:主语+wish+从句(主语+过去完成时)。
例1 I didn′t go to the party,but I do wish I _____ there. A.were B.would be C.had been D.will be
【答案】C(2001年53题)
例2 Peter wishes that he ____ law instead of literature when he was in college.
A.could study B.studied C.had studied D.would study
【答案】C(2000年53题)
(2)if only+句子(过去时/过去完成时)“要是……就好了”。
If only后面的句子如果是对现在或将来情况的虚拟,用过去时did;如果是对过去情况的虚拟,用过去完成时had done。要注意与if区别,if只表示假设,意为“如果”,用真实语气。而if only表示不可能实现的情况,用虚拟语气。
例: If only the alarm clock had rung.当时闹钟响就好了。(对过去虚拟)
If only I were rich.要是我富有就好了。(对现在虚拟)
(3)would rather+句子(过去时)。
表示宁愿、宁可的意愿,语气比较婉转,后接过去式。
例1 I am too busy these days. I would rather all of you ____ next month for a dinner.
A.come B.would come C.came D.have come
【答案】C(2002年46题)
例2 I′d ____ you didn′touch that,if you don′t mind. A.rather B.better C.happier D.further
【答案】A(1998年45题)
(4)it is time (that),it is high time(that)…句型中,谓语动词用过去时,表示早该做而未做的事,意思是“该……了、早该……了”。
例1 Let′s finish our homework in a faw seconds;it′s time we ____ _ .
A.played football B.will play football C.play football D.are playing football
【答案】A(2004年11月43题)
例2 Don′t you think it is time you _ _ smoking?A.give up B.gave up C.would give up D.should give up
【答案】B(1999年31题)
(5)以as if,as though引导的从句。
在as if,as though引导的从句中,如果谈论的是不可能或不真实的情况时,他们所引导的状语从句要用虚拟语气,动词形式和wish后面的从句动词形式变化相同。
例:He talks as he ___ everything in the world. A.konws B.knew C.had known D.would have known
【答案】B 本句表示说话人对现在的情况有所怀疑,所以用过去的。
5、should +动词原形及should的省略
(1)一些表示建议、要求、命令等的动词本身隐含说话者主观的意见。因此这些动词(或其派生词,如名词、形容词、分词等)后面的从句应使用虚拟语气,即“should do”结构,其中的“should”常被省略。如:
表示“提议、建议”的动词:suggest,advise,propose,recommend,move(提议);
表示“要求、主张”的动词:insist,require,request,demand,desire;
表示:“命令”的动词:order,command。
例1 I don′t think it advisable that Tom _____ to she job since he has no experience.
A.be assigned B.is assigned C.will be assigned D.has been assigned
【答案】A(2006年11月29题)
例2 His mother insisted that he _____ the coat when going out. A.put on B.puts on C.to put D.putting on
【答案】A(1999年58题) 此处省略了should。
例3 The doctor advised that Mr.Malan ____ an operation right away so as to save his life.
A.had B.would have C.have D.was going to have
【答案】C(1998年28题) 此处省略了should。
(2)It is necessary/important/essential/vital/urgent/surprising/amazing that…引导的主语从句中,从句的谓语动词要用should + 原形动词,should也可以省略。此类形容词的特点是表示重要性或吃惊。
例1 It is vital that enough money _____ collected to get the project started.A.is B.be C.must be D.can be
【答案】B(2004年11月24题)
例2 It′s urgent that a meeting _____ befor the final decision is made.
A.will be arranged B.must be arranged C.be arranged D.would be arranged
【答案】C(2003年4月45题)
(3)以in case,lest,for fear that 引导的状语从句,表示“以防、以免”其形式为should+动词原形。
He took his raincoat with him in case it should rain. 他把雨衣带在身上以防下雨。
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